The result can be a hodge-podge of different types and materials and different vulnerability to leakage and structural failure. Improvements in available materials over time can be reflected in the status of a large, older water distribution system with older portions of the system built from materials in popular use decades ago and recent additions or replacements utilizing more advanced materials. Water pipelines and their associated fixtures are made from a variety of materials. IQuarius leak detection survey via mobile acoustic sensor In addition to being subject to the most forces, nodes are typically weaker than the pipes they are connected to. They are vulnerable to many forces that can act to cause a break (overburden, ice buildup, vibration, and shifting soils) since these forces get concentrated at the nodes. Though cracks can occur in the walls of the pipes themselves, these nodes are the system’s potential weak points where breakage and leaks are most likely to occur-the weakest links in the chain. Each node is typically an auxiliary structure or fixture supporting the main water transmission function of the pipeline (bends, valves, tees, wyes, flanges, etc.). Each point of divergence from larger pipes to smaller pipes or parallel branch pipes is referred to as a node. These start with the large diameter water mains (which can be 10 feet or more in diameter) and proceed to smaller branch distribution pipelines, smaller diameter service pipelines, and finally feeder pipes to individual users (often as small as an inch in diameter).
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The pipeline network consists of a series of pipes arranged in parallel and sequence of ever-smaller diameter pipes. The entire system is designed to provide water to each industry, business, and residential user in the required quantities under useable pressure. Water reservoirs such as elevated tanks, lined ponds, etc., are used to handle surges in water demand, providing stored water for peak demand periods. The motive power for the flow of water through the pipelines is a combination of gravity head from higher elevation and mechanical pressure head provided by pumps. The water originates from a regional source (groundwater well fields, manmade reservoirs created by dams or dikes, natural lakes and ponds, etc.) and is filtered of impurities prior to transmission. The questions then become: how can utilities be sure to select the right leak detection method to meet a system’s specific needs? What should the engineers and plant managers look for? Is there a set of best practices for selecting the best method for a distribution system?Ī water supply system delivers water to the municipality it serves via a series of underground pipelines of various sizes and materials. Over time, if left unaddressed, leaks can result in significant loss of potential revenue to the water supply system, hence the accumulated losses from individual leaks being officially referred to as “non-revenue water losses.” They are the result of long-term degradation caused by corrosion of the pipe walls and fittings, medium-term structural damage from freezing or earth dislocation, and immediate impacts from shock caused by vehicles or equipment. They can occur at any time, even in newly constructed systems, but for the most part are a problem that plagues older pipe systems. These failures can occur anywhere in the pipe system but mostly occur at pipe joints and fittings. Leaks are the result of structural failures to the containment integrity of a water supply system’s distribution pipe network. Leak detection is one of the highest priorities of any water distribution system operator.
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